Pharmacy Education in India and Bengal free essay sample

The Role of Pharmacists as showed by WHO is the obtaining, control, circulation and objective utilization of Drugs to broaden the utilization of best Drugs in the Rural Health care alongside different degrees of medicinal services System. Viable medications, as they watched can be practicised by a proficient Drug Management in particular. To manage the flexibly, administering of Drugs and Health Appliances with regards to the necessities of the individuals of the current century. To plan proposition for essential advancement of medicinal services framework with the necessities of the individuals of West Bengal. Among the arrangement of jobs the Pharmacist manages alongside a portion of their most significant jobs which are endorsed by the WHO. To go to these jobs emotionally the distinctive remote nations have endorsed their capabilities upto the college level and in Bengal by and by, B. Pharma, M. Pharma M. Tech (Pharma) is accessible and D. Pharm. being the base need. Be that as it may, all these higher courses are customary courses and the rehearsing drug specialist primarily the individuals who are Diploma holders are not getting the open doors due to non suggestion or presence of yet any unmistakable Govt. Strategy to go to the school normally for refreshing the instructive capability. With progression in each field, the calling of drug store has additionally seen enormous changes. The people group anticipates progressively proficient administrations from drug specialists and not as simply tranquilize venders. There are numerous network drug specialists serving the nation with just D. Pharm. Capability and in West Bengal this circumstance is all the more terrible as they are has a place with D Category predominantly inadequate work force who are not well outfitted with satisfactory data. In the entire West Bengal there are in excess of 44000 retail drug stores and in a large portion of these medication stores, the medication is apportioned by D classification drug specialists. In light of the arrangements of Pharmacy Council of India, (PCI) the West Bengal Pharmacy Council had given D classification testaments to Class VIII passed individuals of those moved from Bangladesh and Myanmar after Bengal division in 1905 on thought of job. Around one lakh D classification declaration holders made sure about occupations in private drug stores and medical clinics by utilizing these authentications till 1978. Indeed, even now a large portion of the retail drug stores in West Bengal are overseen by these D class drug specialists and the declarations were given distinctly till 1978. At present their number is 77234 and all are matured. The drug store committee of India has taken a choice to stop the D. Pharm. course soon. India being one of the creating nations is yet to address the issues of individuals as fundamental training, wellbeing, cleanliness and so on. The vast majority of our kin live in rustic zones and don't have fundamental offices, for example, essential wellbeing habitats, centers or even methodology streets. This provincial populace including the urban populace needs diverse exercises from drug specialists. The PCI characterizes Pharmacy as â€Å"a calling which is worried about the craftsmanship and study of getting ready from common and engineered sources, appropriate and advantageous materials for conveyance and use in the treatment and avoidance of ailment. It grasps an information on the recognizable proof, protection, blend, examination and normalization of medications and meds other than union of new medication particles, assembling of different measurement structures, (Liquid orals, powders, tablets, cases, salves, infusions, ophthalmic items, and so forth quality control, clinical preliminaries, bio-accessibility, research, symptoms, similarity, in-similarity, signs, contra-signs, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicology etc†. Be that as it may, the job of PCI in entire India resembles not too sharp and quiet and furthermore dubious. The supervisors of PCI ought to be changed promptly for the future advancement of Pharmacy. A Flashback: Germination of Pharmacy Education The historical backdrop of drug store training in India is as old as when the nation was being floated towards British Emperorship. A breeze of upset had been begun to improve something other than what's expected in the instruction arrangement of Indian Medical Services. Upto the center of the nineteenth century, the pharmaceutical instruction and preparing stayed in a condition of disregard. The situation of drug store practice was regrettable. The apportioning of solutions kept on being done by compounders, who had a low degree of primer preparing and instruction. The compounders were modest paid experts. There were a couple of European prepared drug specialists who were utilized by private firms. The seed of the drug store training in India was planted first by Medical College, Madras in 1860. Steps were taken to begin drug store classes to give pharmaceutical abilities for the understudies meeting all requirements for clinical degrees or certificate or medical clinic help transport. The means end up being helpful for the understudies aiming to qualify as scientist and pharmacists. Extensively it was replicating the training as it won at the time in Britain. The classes proceeded with increment of the length of study to 2 years and passage capability being made registration at the appointed time. The Materia Medica demonstrated steady to help up the drug store instruction. The understudies were educated Materia Medica and trained in the method of setting up the guideline mixes of the Pharmacopeia and Materia Medica. In the nineteenth century these experts got deductively taught and prepared. At first the scientific expert and pharmacist class at Madras Medical College didnt get mainstream and pulled in not exactly about six understudies for every annum. The reasons could have been the restricted possibilities of work for the so qualified faculty. Voices were raised preferring the view that the current scientific expert and pharmacist course be cleaned out. Anyway the class stayed in activity and got Government endorse for duration in the Madras Medical College as a changeless plan. The educational program of studies was amended with consideration of investigation of natural science too. After that the course experienced different insurgencies at commonly and furthermore began in some different colleges like Medical College, Visakhapattnam. The drug store training in India was going to go through a transformation when the author of Banaras Hindu University Mahamanya Pt. Madan Mohan Malviya met Prof. M. L. Schroff and Mahamana offered him to join B. H. U. By the untiring endeavors of Prof. M. L. Schroff in July 1937 Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy were presented as the subjects for B. Sc. degree. From that point forward there has been no thinking back. Drug store came to be perceived as a settled course with productive results. Current Scenario of Pharmaceutical training assumes a conspicuous job in accomplishing practical and fair improvement of a nation. The educational plan of the degree in some created nations (B. Pharm. normally requires 5 scholarly long periods of study. In the vast majority of the European nations fruitful fulfillment of a college degree prompts a one-year temporary job. The proper drug store training in India (multi year degree in BHU) goes back 1932, and from that point forward, there has been a ceaseless development in number of such foundations. According to PCI 2005 journal schedule, the all out quantities of p erceived degree foundations are 220 with admission of 12506 understudies. What's more, according to AICTE, the absolute quantities of degree universities are 445 with the admission of 24672 understudies too 30 foundations for the post graduation in different fields. The quantity of authorize foundations like the National Institute of Pharmacy Education Research (NIPER) is not very many. Staff quality and its quality is an issue. The training framework isn't designed for the WTO period. The executives isn't proactive in giving offices and important instructive condition. National compensation scales are not completely executed and thus great scholarly world is absent. There are a couple of focuses of greatness where understudies get all the offices and are all around put after their graduation. In the following decade, pharmaceutical ventures will scout for drug store graduates who are slanted to explore. Along these lines, drug store schools must choose the correct personnel. In such manner the Pharmacy instructive framework is progressively despicable and ignored. Out of the all out 10 drug store universities in the state, eight schools are under private administration. In the staying two, one is an administration school and other is self-financed. The 3 Diploma Colleges like Kalyani, Bankura and Jalpaiguri are under Director of Health Services ( DHS) and just a single Degree school in the entire state at Jalpaiguri is under the Director of Medical Education( DME) under Govt. f West Bengal Department of Health Family Welfare and rest of the Diploma Colleges are under Polytechnic, I. e. Branch of Technical Education, Govt. of West Bengal. All the Colleges ought to be quickly brought under one umbrella and must be advanced according to WHO and other International rules to Degree Colleges to give the quality administrations to the individuals of this state which is being disregarded an d stifled during the left system. Instruction Standards at Present There is no uncertainty that as of now there is colossal hole existing among training and practice of drug store. A large portion of the scholarly organizations giving instruction in drug store are away from training condition. The general premise of drug store instruction is still extrabiological amalgamation, physicochemical investigations, examination, and assembling parts of medication. It is a typical inclination that the clinical expert is preferable set for drug specialists work over the drug specialists themselves. The apportioning administrations are poor. The prospectus and term of the two-year recognition course in drug store training in India is totally obsolete and unimportant in the current business setting. It is a heterogeneous blend of clinical and modern subjects. Since clinical subjects are there PCI comes into the image and AICTE came in as a result of modern direction of drug store prospectus. Drug store as a beginning science devel

Having a Baby Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Having a Baby - Case Study Example Kathee's issues started with the nervousness of origination. The couple made various endeavors at as our forefathers would have done it. They took a stab at timing the female cycle without much of any result. They utilized a strategy considered the lunar cycle that demands the lady is increasingly ripe during a similar lunar stage as her introduction to the world. In edginess they explored different avenues regarding various places that they had found out about on the Internet. With no pregnancy they went to the clinical network for help. Needle therapy was cheap and effortless however didn't deliver any outcomes. A comparable disillusionment came about because of home grown aromatic healing. Kathee even persevered through the reactions of richness drugs, however again no infant was delivered. As a last frantic endeavor, Kathee agreed to intrusive careful methods. Manual semen injection again yielded just disillusionment. Gamete position, a confused clinical system, brought about jus t agony and mounting hospital expenses. If all else fails, Kathee attempted in-vitro treatment. After the long periods of endeavoring to imagine a kid, the nervousness was incidentally lifted when the home pregnancy test read positive. In spite of the fact that the origination had been harsh, the pregnancy would end up being significantly progressively buried in nervousness. Kathee experienced the normal disorder that every single pregnant mother to-be are burdened with. She had extreme morning infection. A sleeping disorder saved her alert for unlimited days and evenings. As the pregnancy advanced she thought that it was increasingly hard to relax. Notwithstanding these 'typical' indications, Kathee got this season's cold virus in mid term. Her ultra high fever undermined the health of the unborn infant. She couldn't securely take any medication to control her queasiness. She couldn't eat and was shedding pounds when she ought to have been picking up. Similarly as it appeared she was free and clear, half a month prior to the child's booked appearance Kathee was determined to have hyperthyroidism, a genuine perilous condition. Her primary care physician discovered that she must be treated with a trial medicate. The medication must be controlled by making a few efforts for each day. The condition required close clinical oversight and Kathee had to make various outings to the specialist during these last weeks. Her manifestations of sickness and challenges, alongside the uneasiness, quickly died down in the last days before her due date. Kathee was eased when she started giving birth with the acknowledgment that it would at long last be finished. Notwithstanding, she would confront significantly more prominent uneasiness at the emergency clinic. Upon her appearance she discovered that her PCP was gotten down on about a crisis and they didn't have a clue when to anticipate him. Her uneasiness expanded as the accessible if the need arises specialist was new to her case and would not like to settle on a choice. The nursing lack had left the pediatrics ward in need of help and nervousness filled the lobbies. Since this was her first child, Kathee didn't have a clue what's in store and there was nobody aside from her anxious spouse to support her. In the wake of being in the process of giving birth for what appeared to be an unfathomable length of time, her primary care physician showed up and more issues introduced themselves. He endorsed a painkiller [Name] Page 3 Paper 2 that dropped Kathee's pulse perilously low. As her circulatory strain dropped, she should have been associated with a breath gadget. At the point when her circulatory strain recuperated, she was given a work inciting drug which didn't

Raising Capital for an Under-Performing Business

Raising Capital for an Under-Performing Business When starting a new business, you must have done your homework: how to take care of the logistics, the smaller details such as compliance documentation, and even the ways on how you can raise capital that you need to augment the available money. You must have looked into every possible avenue to raise the exact amount of capital you need to get your business off the ground and start earning money.That may have been easy. But what if, in the course of your business, you realize that you are having a harder time than usual to get back the amount of capital you initially invested? What if your business was declared to be underperforming? The most logical answer and solution that you may hear would be to inject more capital into it so that you can effect changes and innovations to try and turn things around.It’s a sound suggestion, and even your business advisors will most likely agree. However, there is that small problem of how to go about raising capital, especially considering the fact that the business is not doing as well as expected. © Shutterstock | DRogatnevThis guide will 1) show you the reality underperforming businesses have to face, 2) what to do before raising capital, and 3) how under-performing business can raise capital.THE REALITY OF UNDERPERFORMING BUSINESSESA business is considered to be underperforming if its potential just does not align with reality. In simpler terms, an underperforming business is one that is on its way to failing. If left unchecked, it might end up wrapping up its operations and declaring bankruptcy.When asked, underperforming businesses may come up with a lot of reasons on why they are failing. According to author Ian Altman, the top 3 excuses of companies for their lower-than-expected performance are:Their business is different, hence, general business concepts don’t apply to them. This perception comes with the risk of being unyielding or closed to new ideas and concepts. They stick to what they think is best, without entertaining other possibilities that could improve bus iness performance.They are used to a certain way of doing business, and they do not think they can try another tack. This is another excuse for being close-minded in business. Business concepts are constantly evolving, and refusal to evolve along with it means you will be left behind, including the performance of your business.They do not have enough resources, such as time, manpower and money. This is the most common excuse given by businesses that are not performing as expected. They blame it on lack of this or that. Money is a usual issue, and they often say, “if only we had more cash or capital, then we would be able to improve operations and increase the performance of the company”.We will not go in detail when it comes to the reasons for the poor performance of companies, but we will address that last excuse: lack of capital. If only they had more capital, they’ll definitely be able to turn the failing company around.Now here’s the catch: not a lot of investors or fina ncial institutions are willing to invest in a company that appears to be failing. Lenders on the other hand will also be very hesitant to work with such companies. They are most likely to think that it is a poor investment, one that won’t give them a return on investment.Large and established companies may have an easier time, but the small to medium-sized businesses are often struggling when it comes to raising capital. It is common to find that when they were just starting out and looking to raise capital, they may have already had a hard time attracting investors and capital providers to fund them. It is bound to be even tougher to convince existing or new investors to pump more money in a small company that is showing signs of struggle in performance. It’s certainly not going to be easy.BEFORE ACTIVELY RAISING CAPITALIt may have pained you, but it is time to face facts. The numbers don’t lie, and you have to accept the reality that your business is underperforming, and if nothing is done, it may be on its way to failure. Do you immediately decide that you need more capital, and proceed straight to employing capital-raising techniques? You have to stop for a while and check a few things first to ensure that you don’t find yourself in the same situation you are in.Before spending any more money on the business, assessment of the current state of affairs in the business is crucial.Determine the cause of cash and capital shortageMore often than not, a sure sign that a business is in trouble is a cash crisis. It may suddenly find itself having trouble paying its employees’ salaries and wages, or even fund the working capital of the company. Try to identify why you are experiencing this shortage, in order for you to evaluate whether the cause is something that you can have a solution for. Assess the viability of business in the futureYou have to ascertain whether the company is going to be worth saving. It doesn’t make a whole lot of business sense i f you proceed to raise capital in order to save a business that will not really be viable several short months into the future, does it?Identify other possible solutionsAt this point, the most important question you have to address is this: is raising capital the only way for your business to regain its footing and improve its performance? What if there are other methods that you can employ in order to address the problem, without resorting to raising additional capital? Are these methods within reach?Determine how much capital is neededNaturally, you should know how much capital you will need in order to turn things around for your underperforming business. You also have to take into account the cost of capital once a potential investor has been found.Identify the aspects of the business that may appeal to an external investorYou have to anticipate the possibility that you may fail to raise capital on your own, so you have to resort to external sources, which are commonly outside i nvestors. Considering the fact that your business is already underperforming, you have to expect to be asked to defend your position, or provide justifications on why investors should listen to you and give their money to use as capital.By identifying the commercial angles or benefits that you can use to attract the interest of an investor, you will be better prepared when you have to convince them to trust you with their money.HOW UNDERPERFORMERS CAN RAISE CAPITALIf you are determined to turn things around and you think that your underperforming business has a chance of becoming profitable and growing in the future, then you should next look into ways on how you can raise capital.Be capital-ready“Capital-ready” means the state where a business is adequately prepared to raise capital. Preparedness is a good sign that you are ready to take the challenge of improving the performance of the business, if only you will have additional capital to work with.The Business Strategy Blog s uggests the following documentation to be prepared in order to show how capital-ready you are.A business plan for the next one to three years, listing down clear strategies that you will undertake to achieve business goals.A financial model for the period covered in the business plan. This will show whether the business is viable, or whether it will turn in profits in its future operations. It is also in this model that you will indicate the amount of capital required.Updated due diligence business records that will lend your business and your plan credibility in the eyes of potential investors.An exit plan for your business, with emphasis on plans on repayment of outside capital sources. Naturally, potential investors and lenders want to cover all their bases, so if you can give them some assurance that they won’t be left high and dry when the business wraps up its operations, then you are increasing your chances of convincing them to trust you.Look internallyIt may be possible f or you to “raise” cash internally. Here, you have to seek self-help opportunities to improve cash position. They may undertake any of the following:Aggressive management of working capital. “Working capital” refers to the capital that the business utilizes in its day-to-day operations, and is indicative of the company’s efficiency. It is also the figure that represents the short-term financial health (liquidity) of a company. If the business has a positive working capital, operations can be sustained so the extra capital needed is for growth.  In accounting records, working capital considers the current assets and current liabilities of the company, encompassing items such as cash, accounts receivables, inventory, accounts payable and current debts or obligations due.  Out of the several strategies of managing working capital, the best approach would be the aggressive one if you are looking to raise capital internally. Aggressive working capital management means that you w ill focus on profitability. Therefore, you will depend greatly on trade credit and short-term finances, keeping your current assets (cash, accounts receivables and inventory) low, or at just-enough levels.  Needless to say, this is a very high-risk strategy. However, as long as you ensure the smoothness of the operating cycle, then it can help you raise the capital that you need for your underperforming business.Reduction of operating costs. Look at your current operations. Are there areas where you can employ cost-cutting measures, so you can use the savings for other purposes instead? This calls for a study of your business processes and the costs incurred at every turn. Evaluate whether you are spending too much on a process, and identify the areas that you can stop or downgrade. An organizational audit may reveal that some employees on your payroll have redundant job descriptions. You may consider reassigning tasks to employees or dropping some items from the payroll. If your as sessment reveals that you can save money by shortening your production process without compromising quality of your final products, you may decide to do so after realizing how much savings you can get out of it.Sell or divest idle assets. Take a look at your current inventory of fixed assets. There may be some assets that are underutilized or completely idle, and you may even be incurring maintenance costs on them. In short, you are spending money on them, but you’re not gaining any benefit from them. Consider selling these assets and add the proceeds to your capital.Sell or divest underperforming business segments or divisions. If your business is comprised of several business segments, identify those that are not performing well, or even incurring losses for your business. Conducting further study is advised, so you can decide on whether to close some segments or not.Debt restructuring. This is a popular solution for companies that are facing cash flow problems. It involves rene gotiating the terms of existing debts that are already considered to be delinquent. There are several reasons for debt restructuring, and one of them is to raise capital.Through debt restructuring, an underperforming business can avoid defaulting on an existing debt or obligation. They may also negotiate for lower interest rates, which translates to savings and a way to manage working capital more aggressively. You may also negotiate that your existing creditors or lenders will not have a share in your profits, as long as you meet your loan payments as they fall due.Look to external sources of capitalIf after looking in your own company for ways to raise capital and you still don’t have the amount that you seek, it is time to look outside of the company.Good news: there are actually people who make a living from investing in underperforming business. Your job is to find them and convince them to invest in your business.These types of investors are actively looking for underperform ers, or businesses that incur more losses than gains, and evaluate their potential for a turnaround. Usually, they will buy out the founder or owner of the business, and send in their own people. Or they could hire a turnaround professional. In some cases, the investor will not send his own people, but choose to back the current management team of the company instead. What do you do when you find these potential sources of capital? Keep in mind that the hardest part is to convince them to back your idea of turning your business around. This will ensure that you still have control over your business. Here’s what to do with these external sources of capital.Know who your potential investors are. Carry out a small some research on their expectations from you and your business. This is especially if you do not have a prior business relationship with them. Knowing their expectations will enable you to prepare your proposal in such a way that will easily convince them to invest in your business.When you are seeking external sources of capital, you have to position your business for capital-raising. Make sure that you are ready to receive the capital and take your business back to where it belongs. Know exactly what you will do with the money once it hits your bank account.Highlight the benefits to your potential investors. What is in it for them if they invest in your business? What can they expect to get if they invest on your business, despite the fact that it is underperforming? Investors expect a return on their investment, so it would be a good idea to highlight that part for them.Let them know how their money will be used. The investors will obviously want to know where their money will go, because they, too, want to ascertain whether they are making a good investment or not. You’d want to be specific on the activities you will carry out, so give them details of your action plan, not just the general idea mapped out on your business plan.Be honest. Investo rs are shrewd. They can easily tell right away whether you are being up front with them. Avoid sugarcoating. Tell them exactly what you need the additional capital for, and provide concrete backup for your claims.Do not be greedy. Ask only what you need. You have a plan in mind, you need money for it. Therefore, you should stick to that plan, including the costs you expect to incur in its execution. Asking for more will only give your business a bad impression (as if the fact that it is already performing below par is not already basis for a bad impression in the eyes of potential investors) so do not aggravate it.Engage the help of an external advisor who is an expert in turnaround managementThis is actually a good idea, especially if you already have your hands full trying to contain the crisis within the business. At times, you have to admit that you need help, and a turnaround professional can give you helpful input on how you can raise capital.Underperforming businesses have a long and tough road ahead of them, and one of the biggest obstacles is raising capital. Expect to put a lot of work into raising capital, especially if you intend to obtain them from external sources. Do not expect to have an easy time of it, but do not lose heart, because it can still be done.

The Roaring Twenties And Progressivism - 2694 Words

The Roaring Twenties, the Jazz Age, the Age of Intolerance, and the Age of Wonderful Nonsense are all the names given to the 1920s era (Roaring). People flocked to cities to be part of this great industrial boom that was taking place. The 1920s was a period of economic prosperity and glamor, but in time, the glitter of the era would be brushed away to expose the grime that lay just below the surface (Roaring). The people responsible for this great reveal were called Progressives. The Roaring Twenties cannot exist without Progressivism. An ideal example of the relationship between the Roaring Twenties and Progressivism is found in two novels, Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. In approximately 515 pages combined, the entire era is put on display. The Great Gatsby shows the charm and fortune associated with the Roaring Twenties, and The Jungle shows the corrupt and monopolistic features of the era. Mutually, these novels provide a real istic window for future generations to look back in time, even though both are entirely fiction, and see how society used to be. They coexisted just as The Roaring Twenties coexisted with Progressivism, and how the flappers and millionaires coexisted with the immigrants. However, the authors had quite opposing purposes in mind for what their novels would accomplish in their lifetime, or what they would symbolize to future generations. The Jungle’s purpose exposed sleaze in Chicago’s meatpacking industry andShow MoreRelatedProgressivism, The And, And The Stock Market Crash1428 Words   |  6 Pagesconcerned about how America was managed, as conflict was becoming a regular misfortune for the country. 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We Will Teach A Third Grade Class Located At Ps. 31 In

We will teach a third grade class located at PS. 31 in Staten Island, New York. The classroom has a total number of 27 students; 15 girls and 12 boys. The classroom is ethnically diverse. Most of the students in the classroom are African-American, Haitians, Chinese and Portuguese. Even though the classroom is considered as a general education class, they are few students with learning differences, such as: visual, auditory, kinesthetic and linguistic. The purpose for teaching this unit plan is to mainly inform students about Oaxaca community, with a focus on its economy and culture. It is crucial for students to learn about other region, such as Oaxaca, because it will help them view the world differently through the lens of†¦show more content†¦On Monday, the students will learn about the geographical features of Oaxaca. In this lesson, the students will construct a map of Mexico showing its different geographic features. In the beginning, they will listen to a read-aloud on a PowerPoint presentation to introduce the location and the economic. On Tuesday, the students will conduct a short research about the culture in Oaxaca. The students will research the different dances in Oaxaca and then they will use the research information to create a feature article to teach other people, friends, and families about the different dance in the world. This relates to economic because people have to have the money to buy the clothes , which they will learn in Thursday’s lesson about meeting their needs and wants. On Wednesday, the students will learn the history of art, as well as an artist’s history of art. This also relates to economy, as well as Thursday and Friday’s lesson, because the artist also has to have money to meet their need, including using the good and services in the community. Furthermore, on Thursday and Friday, the students will dive into how people in Oaxaca meeting their needs and wants and how the people use the good and services that are available in their community. In both lessons, the students will develop writing skills because they will compare and contrast between how people meet their needs and wants in Oaxaca, as well asShow MoreRelatedreport of tuition centre7546 Words   |  31 Pageswith the issue above, we as Diploma in Business Management student would like to submit our business plan report that has been given as our task. 2. This project is very crucially important for us to accomplish the task given for the ENT 300 subject. This project have teaches and helps us on how to form and manage the business about administration, marketing, operation and also financial principle. 3. 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Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Fifteen Free Essays

I glanced at the window to discover dawn had just broken. â€Å"Duh,† I muttered. Will continued to study my face. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Fifteen or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"There’s someone you should meet. Her name’s Cora Kopway. She’s very old. Very wise. A member of the Midewiwin.† At my blank expression, he elaborated. â€Å"Grand Medicine Society. Once, it was a secret religious fellowship devoted to healing through knowledge of the other world. Cora has spent her life studying ancient texts and conversing with the spirits in her visions.† For most people, meeting with a woman who received information from the dead would seem strange. But once you turned furry every full moon, strange takes on a whole new meaning. â€Å"If anyone can tell us about the totem,† Will continued, â€Å"Cora can.† The sound of a car on the street below drew Will to the door. â€Å"Jessie’s back.† I glanced at my watch with a frown. She hadn’t been gone all that long. â€Å"Edward?† I asked. â€Å"Not with her. Neither is Nic.† Even though I hadn’t expected him to be, disappointment sparked. â€Å"Let’s tell her what you told me.† I followed Will down the stairs and across the alley. As soon as we entered the cabin, Jessie announced, â€Å"Mission accomplished.† I hadn’t seen Nic for seven years, a few days in his company shouldn’t make me bereft upon losing him. Shouldn’t, but did. â€Å"Where’s Mandenauer?† I asked. Jessie looked confused. â€Å"I thought he was with you.† â€Å"He said he was going to help you.† â€Å"I never saw him.† An uneasy sensation tickled the base of my skull. â€Å"That’s not good.† â€Å"Doesn’t mean jack. Except I’m in deep shit because I didn’t smell a tail.† â€Å"Where would he go?† â€Å"Who knows with him? Either he’ll show up, or he’ll call. He always does.† My unease lessened, though it wouldn’t go away completely until Edward walked through the door holding my research. There was always someone, or something, after him. That he’d survived this long was a miracle, or supreme luck. Sooner or later his luck would run out. â€Å"Show her the totem,† Will ordered. Jessie stilled. â€Å"Another one?† I dug the plastic out of my pocket and handed it over. She held the thing gingerly, her gaze shifting from the icon, to me, and then back again. â€Å"Yours?† â€Å"Not really.† Will filled her in on everything we knew and all that had happened. Jessie closed her fingers around the plastic wolf. â€Å"I don’t feel anything.† â€Å"Should you?† â€Å"The last one was†¦ creepy. Thing moved, slithered even.† Jessie referred to the black totem I’d been studying in Montana, which should be ashes but probably wasn’t. The icon had borne the markings of the matchi-auwishuk manitou. Technically, manitou means â€Å"mystery, godlike, essence.† There are many such creatures sprinkled through Ojibwe lore. All are helpful but two – the weendigos, or Great Cannibals, and the matchi-auwishuk, also known as the Evil Ones. One of Mengele’s werewolves had used the matchi-auwishuk totem to become a wolf god, and had planned to rule the world. What is it with ruling the world? Every nutcase wants to. â€Å"This one moves for me,† I murmured, and retrieved the wolf from Jessie’s hand. â€Å"Growls and mumbles, too.† â€Å"Maybe I should hold on to that,† Will said. I shoved the tiny wolf back into my pocket. â€Å"The totem stays with me.† Jessie and Will exchanged glances. â€Å"What?† I asked. â€Å"The icon is making you stronger, better,† Jessie said. â€Å"That’s a bad thing?† â€Å"I’m not sure,† Will admitted. â€Å"How can stronger and better be bad?† â€Å"You want a list?† Jessie muttered. â€Å"If I hadn’t been able to do a quick change when Billy attacked, both Nic and I would be dead.† Will and Jessie considered me for a moment, then Jessie shrugged. â€Å"Let her keep it. If I have to shoot anyone, better her than you.† She winked. I wasn’t sure what to make of that. Weariness washed over me. I had to get some sleep, even if it was six o’clock in the morning. â€Å"Which room’s mine?† I asked. Jessie blinked. â€Å"You’re staying here?† â€Å"Of course she’s staying here. Where else?† Will patted my shoulder and gave me a little shove toward the rear of the house. â€Å"Third one on the left.† â€Å"Thanks.† â€Å"Jess, give her something to sleep in, would you?† I glanced at Jessie in time to see her scowl. When she caught me looking, she wrinkled her nose. â€Å"Come on.† She led me down the hall, stopping at the first door on the right. Inside was a king-sized bed, unmade, along with two suitcases, open and sitting on the floor. Jessie started rooting through a tangle of clothes. â€Å"Did Nic – â€Å" I broke off, mortified that I’d been about to ask her if he’d said anything about me. If I wasn’t careful, I’d be begging her to pass him a note in study hall. â€Å"Did he what?† She withdrew a wrinkled, double-X T-shirt and tossed it across the space between us. â€Å"Never mind.† I headed for the door. â€Å"He said to tell you, he’d see you again.† I spun around, annoyed at the way my heart leaped. â€Å"Were you going to relay that in this century?† â€Å"Don’t get snippy with me. I’m not the one who lied to him.† â€Å"I didn’t lie.† â€Å"Omission.† â€Å"You think I should tell him, ‘Oh, and by the way, I turn furry and snarl beneath the moon. I don’t know if I’ll ever be cured. I might get worse. And we can’t have children. Let’s get married’?† I could have sworn I saw a flash of sympathy in her eyes, but the expression was gone so fast I knew I’d imagined it even before she sniped right back at me, â€Å"Tell him something, Doctor. The man’s in love with you.† â€Å"Is not.† My denial was automatic, even before I thought of Nic’s words and behavior since he’d walked back into my life. There was something between us, but I doubted it was love – at least for him. â€Å"You’re right.† Jessie let her gaze wander over me from the top of my tangled hair, to the tips of my filthy tennis shoes. â€Å"Skinny, blond eggheads probably aren’t his type. I’m sure he loathes the very sight of you.† â€Å"He acts as if he does.† â€Å"And then, let me guess, he sticks his tongue down your throat.† I frowned. Close enough. â€Å"That’s what I thought.† She drew in a deep breath. â€Å"You don’t have much experience with men.† â€Å"You do?† â€Å"I played with boys most of my life.† I lifted my brows. â€Å"Get your mind out of the gutter, Doctor.† â€Å"Elise,† I corrected. â€Å"Doctor makes me feel like I should ask you to bend over and cough.† She almost laughed, and I wasn’t even trying to be funny. â€Å"What did Edward say that made you tell Nic to go?† Jessie asked. He knows the names of the people you’ve killed. I couldn’t tell Jessie the truth any more than I could have told Nic. â€Å"He said Nic was up to something. That he couldn’t be trusted. Someone could get killed.† â€Å"Knowing Edward, I’m sure he said that someone would be the G-man.† She knew him well. â€Å"If Franklin was the enemy, he’d have killed you the first chance he got. Bad guys, contrary to most popular motion pictures, do not screw around talking their enemy to death or fashioning Batman-like death traps so the good guys can escape and win in the end. Evil people kill you, then they move on.† She was right; Nic wasn’t up to anything but his job. A job that would get me a lethal injection or him a bullet in the head. Choices, choices. â€Å"Mandenauer’s probably worried you’ll be overcome with lust. When that happens, his perfect world gets shot to shit. You know how he is about his agents having a social life.† Except in Edward’s mind, I wasn’t an agent and I didn’t deserve a life, social or otherwise. â€Å"G-man is pretty hot,† Jessie continued. â€Å"How did you ever stay a virgin around that guy?† Discussing my sex life, or lack of it, with a near stranger wasn’t a place I was prepared to go. However, Jessie wasn’t the type of woman to be denied an answer. â€Å"Come on, tell the truth. You guys did it. You just didn’t want Mandenauer to know.† I shook my head before I could stop myself. Her snort of derision was almost as insulting as her words. â€Å"You really are an ice princess.† â€Å"Thanks.† I headed for the door. â€Å"I needed that.† â€Å"Wait. Elise.† She gave a short, sharp sigh. â€Å"Sorry. My mouth gets away from me sometimes. Playing nice is tough.† I glanced over my shoulder. She really did look sorry. â€Å"I never had a girlfriend.† She shrugged. â€Å"Until – â€Å" â€Å"Leigh?† â€Å"Zee. That didn’t go well.† Which was putting it mildly. I was surprised Jessie had been able to bond with Leigh at all after the fiasco in Miniwa. Of course, they were two of a kind. Still, knowing that Jessie had been as much of a social reject as I was helped. I understood her better. I even liked her a little. â€Å"Was Leigh the same?† I couldn’t help but ask. â€Å"Hard time making friends like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I was going to say us, but I couldn’t manage to articulate what a loser I’d been. â€Å"Leigh?† Jessie laughed. â€Å"No. She was the duchess of pom-pom.† â€Å"I’m sorry?† â€Å"The prom queen, the cheerleader, the quarterback’s girl. I can’t believe I didn’t shoot her when I had the chance.† Jessie’s words made me smile. Girls like Leigh had set my teeth on edge, too – back when such things had made a difference. But once you knew what kind of monsters lived in the world, the petty nonsense of adolescence lost its power to terrify. One less thing. â€Å"If Franklin shows up again, screw him.† I wasn’t sure if she meant screw him†¦ or screw him. Either way – â€Å"Huh?† â€Å"Have sex,† she clarified with a roll of her eyes. â€Å"Maybe if you do, you won’t be so damn annoying.† I’d thought we’d made a certain peace, yet here she was insulting me. I didn’t get it. â€Å"I can’t,† I said. â€Å"You want to die without ever knowing what it’s like to be with someone you love?† â€Å"Who said I love him?† â€Å"I may not be the most sensitive person on earth, but I do know love when I see it. What you feel is all over your face every time you say his name.† I mumbled something vile and kicked the door. Jessie snickered. â€Å"Men are dense. I don’t think he knows.† â€Å"What about Will?† â€Å"He’s more with it than most, but he won’t tell anyone.† We were back in study hall again. I felt like a fool. â€Å"So whaddya think?† Jessie pressed. â€Å"If G-man shows up we can make ourselves scarce. I’ll take Mandenauer on a wild-wolf chase.† I shook my head. â€Å"When I fell in love, my whole life changed.† â€Å"Falling in love will do that.† â€Å"Not the way it did for me. Who knows what I might become if I sleep with Nic?† â€Å"You’re a werewolf, Elise.† Jessie spread her hands. â€Å"What more can the universe do to you?† How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Fifteen, Essay examples

A Day on the Trail with My Dirt Bike Essay Example For Students

A Day on the Trail with My Dirt Bike Essay One summer day I was looking outside, staring at the tall fir trees waving back and forth as the wind blew through the thin branches. It was the perfect day to go ride my dirt bike. Almost an hour had gone by and I finally made my decision if I wanted to ride behind my house. I call my friend and tell him to bring his bike to my house. After I hung up, I raced to get my gear on, my bike fueled up and ready for the ride. Finally, I see my friend roll down my driveway in his truck with his bright blue Yamaha sitting in the bed of his pickup. We quickly got on our bikes and took off towards Green Mountain. The smell of race fuel on a bright, warm, and glimmering summer day is something that I will never forget. Further on the trail, I turn my gopro hero 2 on and begin recording us mess around as we flew through the trails. My heart was racing as the trail began to get narrower and narrower. I glance over to my left to see a sheer cliff that was about 250 feet down. I slam on my brakes as I nearly drift off the ledge. After I caught my breath, I finally see my friend closing up on me. I wave him down so he knows I am taking a small side trail through thick brush. The trail that we have never been on was called the widow maker. It sounds scary and for fact, it is treacherous. After riding a few hundred yards through bushes and fallen trees, we come around the corner to see the hill climb. It was about 380 feet long and made up of boulders, waterfalls and loose gravel. As we sat at the base of the hill, looking straight into the face of the first obstacle, I was thinking if I should attempt it or not. My friend then started pressuring me into doing it. A few minutes has gone by and I decided to go for it. I was hesitating on if I actually should try because we were not near anyone so if I crashed and were injured, we would be in a lot of trouble considering we had no cell phones on us. I put on my goggles and start up my dirt bike. I then shift into second gear and then quickly popping the clutch and start to make my way up the hill. I can hear the sound of my tires spinning on the slippery rocks trying to grip onto something firm. Smoke began filling the sky as I slowly worked my way up to the top. It was a miracle; I can actually see the top of the hill. I think to myself, â€Å"I got this, I will make it. Next thing I know, my bike is launched into the air as I fell backwards. As I slammed onto the rocks, I barely had enough time to roll off to the side so my bike does not squash me like an ant. Smack, my bike hits me and then traps me pinned underneath it wedged up against a rock. I was full of adrenaline and surprisingly managed to push the 220-pound motorcycle off me. Now I fel t like I had the strength of Hercules when he fought off all the monsters trying to kill the gods. After this death-defying encounter with the widow maker, I told myself that I would never try it again. As soon as I got to the bottom to where my friend was sitting in shock that I made it that far up, I tried catching my breath but couldnt because of the adrenaline rushing through my body. We eventually headed back to my house because the light was going down and didnt want to get lost in the trails. That night I just thought to myself how lucky I had been, not having any injuries from the bike landing on me and being able to push it off me. This made me realize that I should probably consider thinking things over before I attempt it.

Illegally downloading copyrighted material

Table of Contents Introduction Moral Justification for Sharing Media content Unjust Pricing File Sharing Opportunities Conclusion References Footnotes Introduction Globally, millions of people engage in some form of illegal downloading of copyrighted material. This practice continues unabated, despite the understanding that the act of downloading copyrighted internet content is illegal.1 The big companies that engage in the production and sale of these internet contents are unhappy with such developments because they fear an erosion of their profitability.2Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Illegally downloading copyrighted material specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Policy makers also support the opinion of such companies because they strive to protect intellectual property by preventing the illegal reproduction of copyrighted work.3 However, the legal argument surrounding the download of copyrighted materials o utline one understanding of the entire debate regarding the subject because some people believe this legal understanding should also be subject to an ethical and moral understanding of the issue.4 This paper focuses on the moral understanding of illegally downloading copyrighted material by questioning the moral justification for criminalizing the practice. The utilitarianism concept informs the main argument of this paper because this document affirms that more societal benefits (as opposed to negative repercussions) may manifest if the government allows the downloading of copyrighted material. Moreover, this paper shows that many economic opportunities remain unexploited by disallowing the downloading of copyrighted material. This way, big film and music companies lose a lot of money by failing to adapt to the emerging trends of the digital file sharing market. Comprehensively, this paper demonstrates that downloading copyrighted material should be decriminalized. Moral Justificat ion for Sharing Media content One reason that motivates people to download copyrighted material from the internet is the lack of a moral justification to prevent this practice.5 Indeed, even though the law criminalizes the illegal downloading of copyrighted material, the act is not morally wrong. These sentiments replicate around the world because many people are now starting to question the moral justification for prohibiting internet downloads.6 Some researchers say many young people question the moral justification for preventing file sharing because internet downloads outline a common form of file sharing.7 For example, if an artist produces a song and wants to share it with the rest of the world, he would upload it on YouTube.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More People would then download the song and share it with other people. Regardless of existing laws, many people believe there is no immorality committed by sharing music or video files this way.8 A pivotal issue in this argument is the fair use policy, which justifies the use of file sharing. For example, if someone borrows a published book from a classmate, the government should not prosecute the lender for helping the friend. Such an act would contradict the principle of fair use. However, the concepts of â€Å"borrowing† and â€Å"keeping† suffice in this explanation. Their difference rests on a mere technicality, which centers on gaining access to the reading material. For example, there is no difference between having the book in one’s house and gaining access to the material through a friend, or via the internet. So long as a person can gain access to the material in both contexts, there is no difference between â€Å"borrowing† and â€Å"keeping†.9 Still, a critic may argue that sharing a file with a friend is very different from reproducing the material and sharing i t with a group of strangers. However, there is no moral justification for terming such a file-sharing avenue as illegal, while YouTube allows people to upload copyrighted digital contents for strangers to gain access (freely). It is therefore unjust to consider file sharing via YouTube as legal, while file sharing through other avenues remain illegal. Unjust Pricing Another compelling argument regarding the illegal downloading of copyrighted material comes from the moral arguments surrounding the unequal economic potential of different societies. Around the world, retailers often price their goods according to the economic potential of their markets.10 Ordinarily, retailers charge high prices for high potential markets, and low prices for markets with low economic potential. This has been the logic surrounding most pricing strategies. However, regardless of the economic potential for different markets, the prices for online copyrighted materials are often standardized.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Illegally downloading copyrighted material specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This unfair pricing policy therefore prevents poor people from using â€Å"expensive† online contents, while wealthier societies manage to pay the cost of purchasing the same contents. This inequality is unjust. A previous discussion with Microsoft founder, Bill Gates, acknowledged this imbalance when he implied that it was â€Å"okay† for poor societies to download their softwares (illegally).11 Relative to this statement Gates said, â€Å"As long as they are going to steal it, we want them to steal ours. They will somehow get addicted, and then we will somehow figure out how to collect, sometime in the next decade.†12 Through this assertion, it is correct to say that preventing the illegal downloading of copyrighted material in poor societies create an unjust market for online content providers a nd their customers. File Sharing Opportunities Big media companies that are involved in the production and distribution of media content fail to realize the immense business opportunities that emerge from internet downloads and file sharing. Indeed, just like the opposition to video recorders from the movie industry (two decades ago), media companies do not realize the potential that exists by allowing people to download and share files. For example, file sharing gives the opportunity for upcoming artists and film producers to display their materials in avenues that they would not have had before. For example, film and music companies charge a high fee for producing and distributing media content. To some artists, such fees are prohibitive to their quest to gain access to established media distribution channels. The internet however gives them a new opportunity to present their work without paying such prohibitive fees. They therefore gain access to a global audience that would othe rwise be out-of-reach. In fact, most upcoming musicians and film producers would not vehemently oppose the illegal download of their work because they do not enjoy a huge public audience.13 Multiple reproductions of their work would only do more good than harm because it would give them the publicity that they desperately need.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly, there exists some untruthfulness from the assumption that illegal downloads can â€Å"kill† the film, gaming, and music industries. In fact, on the contrary, allowing illegal downloads would improve these industries. Recent surveys showed that about 95% of all music downloads were illegal.14 Yet, the digital music business grew by more than 25% in a consecutive three years. The contradictions of these statistics show that the presence of music downloads do not necessarily mean that it hurts sales, or hinders the growth of the industry. Instead, internet downloads and the subsequent file sharing process increases the market for media content. Conclusion Comprehensively, file sharing has done more good than harm to the society. Indeed, file sharing has opened an avenue for people to enjoy digital content that they would otherwise have not afforded. Similarly, upcoming gamers, musicians, and film producers have found an opportunity to display their materials to the publi c, without having to experience the burden of paying a lot of money for mainstream distribution. Established artists still benefit from the online frenzy that online file sharing creates because they benefit from increased touring and more publicity. In fact, the only reason established musicians do not fully benefit from online file sharing is because the industry has failed to adapt properly to the phenomenon. Therefore, banning illegal downloads will not work in present-day liberalized society because the provision is unfair, inconsistent, and irrational for the society. References Cavalier, Robert. The Impact Of The Internet On Our Moral Lives. New York: SUNY Press, 2005. Dhillon, Kamal. â€Å"Not wrong, just illegal.† Winnipeg Free Press. Last modified February 13, 2010. http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/westview/not-wrong-just-illegal-84292007.html Riley, Gail. Internet Piracy. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2010. Smith, Robert. â€Å"How to morally justify illeg al downloading.† NBR. Last modified January 30, 2009. http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/how-morally-justify-illegal-downloading-116305 Thurlow, Max. â€Å"Ethical Issues in Software Piracy.† E how. Last modified February 13, 2012. http://www.ehow.com/list_6669954_ethical-issues-software-piracy.html Footnotes 1 Robert Cavalier, The Impact Of The Internet On Our Moral Lives (New York: SUNY Press, 2005), 44. 2 Robert Cavalier, The Impact Of The Internet On Our Moral Lives (New York: SUNY Press, 2005), 44. 3 Robert Smith, â€Å"How to morally justify illegal downloading,† NBR, Last modified January 30, 2009, http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/how-morally-justify-illegal-downloading-116305 4 Robert Cavalier, The Impact Of The Internet On Our Moral Lives (New York: SUNY Press, 2005), 44. 5 Kamal Dhillon, â€Å"Not wrong, just illegal,† Winnipeg Free Press, Last modified February 13, 2010, http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/westview/not-wrong-just-illegal-84292007.htm l 6 Robert Cavalier, The Impact Of The Internet On Our Moral Lives (New York: SUNY Press, 2005), 44. 7 Kamal Dhillon, â€Å"Not wrong, just illegal,† Winnipeg Free Press, Last modified February 13, 2010, http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/westview/not-wrong-just-illegal-84292007.html 8 Kamal Dhillon, â€Å"Not wrong, just illegal,† Winnipeg Free Press, Last modified February 13, 2010, http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/westview/not-wrong-just-illegal-84292007.html 9 Kamal Dhillon, â€Å"Not wrong, just illegal,† Winnipeg Free Press, Last modified February 13, 2010, http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/westview/not-wrong-just-illegal-84292007.html 10 Max Thurlow, â€Å"Ethical Issues in Software Piracy,† E how, Last modified February 13, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/list_6669954_ethical-issues-software-piracy.html 11 Max Thurlow, â€Å"Ethical Issues in Software Piracy,† E how, Last modified February 13, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/list_6 669954_ethical-issues-software-piracy.html 12 Max Thurlow, â€Å"Ethical Issues in Software Piracy,† E how, Last modified February 13, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/list_6669954_ethical-issues-software-piracy.html 13 Gail Riley, Internet Piracy (New York: Marshall Cavendish, 2010), 62. 14 Kamal Dhillon, â€Å"Not wrong, just illegal,† Winnipeg Free Press, Last modified February 13, 2010, http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/westview/not-wrong-just-illegal-84292007.html This essay on Illegally downloading copyrighted material was written and submitted by user Jimena H. to help you with your own studies. 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Bystander Behaviour Research Paper

Bystander Behaviour Research Paper Free Online Research Papers This essay will give examples and discuss the factors which can affect bystander behaviour in various situations. Models explaining theories will be looked at along with various studies, as well as looking at the three social cognitive processes by Latane and Darley and explain how these were put together to propose a complex cognitive model. The essay will explain the Arousal cost reward model by Piliavin and Piliavin. After the murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964, bystander behaviour was first looked at by Latane and Darley in 1970. Kitty was repeatedly stabbed by a stalker on three separate attacks. During the first two attempts, voices and the sight of lights going on interrupted him and frightened him off but seeing as nobody was coming to her rescue, he went back the third time which consequently led to her death. During the police investigation it emerged that 38 of her neighbours had separately witnessed the attack and yet no-one had intervened or called the police. It was through kitty Genovese murder and early laboratory studies that led Latane and Darley to introduce the concept of unresponsive bystander and bystander apathy and according to Latane and Darley decision model, a bystander will pass through a logical series of steps before actually offering any help. Therefore a negative decision at any step will lead to non- intervention. The three social cognitive processes towards the behaviour of bystanders by Latane and Darley that were involved in the passive behaviour of bystanders and these are, Diffusion of responsibility is where there is a tendency that the individual will assume that someone else has taken control of the situation when in fact as a result no one actually does. Audience inhibition is where an individual is concerned with what others might think of them and not want to react to what may be a false alarm as they could feel embarrassed. Pluralistic ignorance which means that an individual will observe the behaviour from other onlookers and take his cue from their behaviour before actually helping and Latane and Darley put these ideas together to form a complex model and it was suggested that there were five steps necessary in order for an individual to take positive action. Step one is that an individual must notice that something is happening. A study by Darley and Batson (1973) is an example of this, whereby seminary students had to give a talk in a nearby building on the Good Samaritan. Each group were given different levels of urgency. Group one were told they had plenty of time to get to the other building, group two were told they had a few minutes but it is best to head over now whereas The third group was told they were already late. In an alleyway they passed a man slumped on the ground in pain. It was unclear whether the man was ill or drunk. 70% of students who believed they were ahead of schedule stopped to help the man, 45% of people who were on time stopped to help whereas only 10% of the students who believed they were late stopped to help. However many students actually stepped over the man needing help. It is thought that the students with more time took more notice of their surroundings whereas the students who believed they were late kept their heads down and noticed hardly anything of their surroundings. Step two of the cognitive model is do we interpret the situation as an emergency. Step three of the model is to take responsibility for helping. Step four refers to if a bystander decides to help and this will be influenced by how competent they feel. Step five will be to give the help needed provided the other four steps have been gone through first. Darley and Latane’s conclusions were expanded into a cost-reward arousal model by Piliavin et al in the early 1980’s. This model suggests that the potential rewards and costs of intervention and non-intervention are weighed up by the bystander. The cost-reward arousal model consists of two factors that are interdependent in order to explain whether or not a bystander will help. Arousal in response to the need of others is an emotional response which is distressing to the helper, thus motivating the helper to help in reducing their own distress. Cost-reward factor involves the bystander weighing up the situation in terms of costs and rewards to themselves. Costs and rewards may be seen in terms of those received for helping the victim , for example the amount of physical danger involved or fame and monetary rewards and as the costs for helping increase so does the probability of intervention. In conclusion this essay has shown that the cost of helping and not helping differ according to the type of help that is required, which could include personality of the bystander, the gender of either, and furthermore the bystander – victim relationship. Helping can be called altruism but only if the motive is to benefit the victim which is empathic concern. All human beings are capable of altruistic acts, and according to universal egoism, helping is always motivated by personal distress. Humans are capable of biological altruism whereby it is triggered within emergency situations, especially where their friends or relatives are concerned. Research Papers on Bystander Behaviour Research PaperThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Fifth HorsemanEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenResearch Process Part OneBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital PunishmentBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Should gays and lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military Research Paper

Should gays and lesbians be allowed to serve in the U.S. military - Research Paper Example The constitution of the United States does not offer just anyone an absolute right to serve in the countries military services. Joining the military in United States is considered a privilege and demands particular conditions to be met by the prospect candidate. Anyone who meets the required conditions and sings up as a member of the military in the active duty is serves on full-time basis. All members whether men or women report on their duties if they qualify to specific age and physical conditions. The lower entry to military service is under seventeen while the upper entry is thirty five years. However entry may depend on conditions of a particular category. They issue of gays and lesbians serving in the military should not be a problem of contention and so they should be allowed as suggested by Stewart (53). Since they are qualified individuals just like any others in the military there is no reason as to why they should not be allowed in the military. The issue about gays and l esbians in the military of US has been highly debated upon in politics. This started after the court declared the Don’t ask, Don’t tell policy of the military. ... The liberals have no problem with gays and lesbians serving the military but the conservatives want to ban the issue. Before President Clinton came into power, the department of Finance had its own policy which did not allow gays and lesbians to serve in the military. Once one was investigated and found quilt of this, he/she was discharged from the military. Clinton had promised in his campaigns to overthrow the policy but it was not possible and law was enacted which forbid homosexuality forever. However despite the enactment, homosexuality is still going on in the military. This can be attributed to the fact that some of the low-ranked persons in the army, live with their roommates in the barrack. Therefore, because it has become impossible to totally eliminate homosexuality in the military, it can thus be allowed. Since individuals are not born gays or lesbians, it does not matter in the service delivery. As suggested by Newton (53), this is because lesbianism or gay practice is n ot a weakness but more of lifestyle. Serving in the military means that one is dedicated to serve his/her country and is also willing to die for it. Therefore it is important to respect the private life of individuals if it has no negative impact in their service delivery. For instance, if those individuals outside the military are not investigated in their life then there is no reason as to why military individuals should be investigated. If homosexuality does not change the life of individuals then there is no way it can change their service delivery. For instance in some countries like the NATO countries gays have been openly allowed to work in the military even as leaders and there is no single effect since it was allowed. However people may argue that

The Implications of the Security Act of 1933 Assignment

The Implications of the Security Act of 1933 - Assignment Example One of the major factors that make up interest is financial management. Financial management is a basic building block as it measures the health and progress of the business. Moreover, financial ratios depicts the relationship of the figures in income statements and balance sheets to give leverage position, profitability, and productivity which have to be balanced by interest and health business (Dlabay & Burrow, 2008). Low leverage ratio gives a business more money for inventory, the advantage of trade discount and competitive pricing (Dlabay & Burrow, 2008). Accounts receivable is also a factor that makes up interest. The account receivable refers to the total amount of money gained from products or services sold. The account receivable turnover shows how the business collects what is owed to it. It also indicates the liquidity of the receivables which is very important when it comes to interest. Having a good banking relationship is very beneficial for a business. Good banking rel ationship allows a business access better loan terms and interest rates. According to Van (2010), bringing the large share of the client’s wallet is the major concentration of financial institutions sales efforts. This is beneficial to a business since the business can access better interest rates than those advertised to the general public. Depending on the overall banking relationship, a business may get lower interest rates on their time of borrowing and higher interest rates on their time of deposit.

Functionalist Look At Society As A Whole Criminology Essay

Functionalist Look At Society As A Whole Criminology Essay Emile Durkheim, the founder of functionalism argued that a certain amount of crime in any society is inevitable. Durkheim thought that it was an integral part of all healthy societies. Durkheim thought this because not everyone has the same collective values and moral beliefs in society. Durkheim also believed that crime and deviance could be positive in society as this can help reinforce the ideas of right and wrong. The problem with deviance arises when the level of crime becomes too big, this then can threaten the stability of a society. Durkheim thought that deviance acted as a catalyst for social change, change can happen but you need change the perception, what we once thought was a deviant act is now acceptable. This is how a society can evolve, which Durkheim considered as healthy. Durkheim also thought that if crime was too low in a society it was unhealthy, this was because such societies remained static and their social attitudes remained unchallenged. Anomie was a concept devised by Durkheim; Merton further developed this. Durkheims concept of anomie explained how societies undergoing social change also experience some confusion over what the society considered right or wrong behaviour. The confusion should not be viewed as negative, as new ideas are paramount for a society as they are considered the life-blood. (socialscience, 2012) There are positive functions to crime as crime can reaffirm boundaries as when crimes are committed, they are normally publicised. This then confirms our shared values for society for example; we learn the appropriate behaviour by seeing the inappropriate behaviour punished. Tragedy or loss can also help to bring societies together it can help mend social or cultural divisions, and help strengthen our sense of belonging in the community. Cohen a prominent American criminologist believed that deviance acted as a safety valve for society, Cohen believed that releasing small amounts of anger and tension prevented the build-up of greater frustrations. This then could cause major problems in society. Cohen also believed that deviant acts could help to alert society that certain aspects of it are not working properly. Another positive aspect to crime is social progression, this happens when the people of today challenge the norms and values of society as they want to help build a better future, as a result todays deviants could be tomorrows innovators. Here is an example of how crime can change society, March 2012, when gay 24-year-old man called Daniel Zamudio was beaten so severely, this was after having swastikas carved into his skin that he died in hospital three weeks later. The brutal murder shocked Chileans and spurred the Chilean government to fast-track LGBT antidiscrimination legislation. (advocate, 2013) Crime and deviance can also create employment, if there was no deviant behaviour we would not have any police, courts or prisons, therefore Durkheim was correct is thinking that crime has a positive factor on society. Some of Durkheims theories do have a negative function to crime and deviance, especially as functionalists believe that society is based on the value consensus. In certain situations e.g. major social upheaval, the social norms and values can become confused. This is when people are not sure on how to behave or what to believe, this happens when people are freed from social control, become selfish and only look after their own interests. When anomie occurs, the crime rates soar. Downes Rock (1998) thought functionalists who refer to Durkheims work failed to consider the impact that crime and deviance had on society, especially the victims of crime. They also thought that crime maybe functional but at what cost. Robert K Merton was also inspired by Durkheims theory of anomie; Merton applied his theory to American society in the 1930s. Merton tried to explain why young working class men were most prominent in the crime statistics. This is where Merton developed the strain theory (also known as Mertonian Anomie). Merton suggested that culture, especially the United States of America was saturated with dreams of opportunity, freedom and prosperity or as Merton described it the American Dream. Most people bought into this dream and it became a very powerful cultural and psychological motivation. Merton identified five possible responses to his strain theory conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion. Therefore, as many people responded to strain through innovation or rebellion, the nature of American dream actually created crime and deviance. Although Mertons explanation of the strain theory answers some questions to crime, it does not answer them all like crimes that are not for personal game e.g. vandalism. Mertons description on anomie was different to Durkheims. Merton thought that anomie meant dichotomy (a division) between what society expected of its citizens and what those citizens could achieve. If the social structure of opportunities is unequal, this will prevent the majority from realising the dream, this then means that some of them will turn to crime in order to realise it. Travis Hirschi (1969) realised that most sociological theories tried to explain why people committed crime; Hirschi decided that he would look at why most of society do not commit crime. His theory was called the social bond theory, which later developed into the social control theory. This theory historically has been an interesting way in approaching social problems and how they are explained, the social bond theory emphasises on the fact that there is an absence of social attachments among juvenile delinquents. Hirschi thought that One of the most critical times in our lives is adolescence, during this critical time we need strong positive social ties. On the other hand, if the ties we share in our lives are negative and criminal-like it is most likely that negative results will occur. Hirschi believed there were four basic elements to the social bond theory they are attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. Attachment is described as the level of values and or norms that an individual holds in society. Commitment the personal investments we have in our lives, involvement the amount of free time we have and belief our commitment to the rules and goals of our society, Hirschi thought the greater our bonds of attachment the lower the level of crime. In conclusion, functionalist accept the official statistics without any question, therefore functionalist see crimes are committed by the working class, and they have ignored corporate or white collar crime. They also do not take into consideration the thoughts or feelings of deviants, they assume that all working class people respond to society in the same way and everyone shares exactly the same cultural goals. (criminology, 2012) Karl Marx, the founder of Marxism saw crime and deviance as the ruling class (bourgeoisie) keeping social control over the working class (proletariat) if you did not conform you would be punished. Marx believed that Institutions such as the police, the justice system, prisons and schools are there to encourage you to conform. Marxists argue that white-collar crimes, which tend to be committed by the bourgeoisie are ignored, while crimes committed by the proletariat such as burglary and street crime are seen as more serious. Marxists also argued that different social classes are policed differently, with the working class heavily policed in the expectation that they will be more criminal. Marxists such as Milton Mankoff, Frank Pearce and Laureen Snider see power as largely being held by the bourgeoisie who own the means of production. Marxists believe the laws reflect the interests of the bourgeoisie. They are then passed by a bourgeois parliament, then enforced by the Police and supported by right-wing sections of an increasingly powerful media. Marxists also argue that crime is widespread in all social strata, Snider (1993) said, many of the most serious anti-social and predatory acts committed in modern industrial countries are corporate crimes. Snider also said corporate crime does more harm than the street crimes, such as burglary, robbery and murder which are usually seen as the most serious types of crime. (historylearningsite, 2012) The corporate crime Snider referred to included examples such as the Zeebruge ferry disaster and the Hatfield train crash, the enquiries found that the companies had put profit before safety. In the UK, the crime of corporate manslaughter was introduced. This was to cover such events with boards of directors being put in the firing line if similar tragedies occurred again. David Gordon (1976) stated that the values of capitalism encouraged crime in all of the social classes, the frustration of being on the bottom rung of the ladder encourages crimes like violence, sex and drugs and vandalism. Does capitalism cause crime? Possibly not, because crime is still present in communist societies , and some capitalist countries like Switzerland have a very low crime rate. It is also very unlikely that working class crime can be the cause of resistance and rebellion, most of the victims of working class crime are in fact working class themselves. Other aspects of this argument could be that some would say the working class criminals are making excuses for the behaviour, by showing a Robin Hood type of example. It is very unlikely that the law favours the bourgeoisie, as there are some laws that favour the proletariats for example welfare laws. Pierce (1976) had views on corporate crime, he said, Prosecutions for corporate crime are rare otherwise, society would have to rethink its view that crime is a working class pursuit, which would create a crisis for the ruling classes. In addition, are illegal and immoral practices normal under capitalism? Some of the lowest paid jobs with the most appalling working conditions are under communist regimes. (moodle, 2013) Internationalism is the second major sociological perspective after functionalism. Internationalism considers three things Phenomenology, Symbolic Interaction and Ethnomethodology. Interactionists focus on the way that individuals act rather than react to social stimulation, and the way in which different social groups interpret the behaviour of others is significant, as this helps to understand the way the world is socially constructed. An example of social construction would be, imagine you are sitting at a set of traffic lights, a car drives straight through the red lights. You could interpret that behaviour as wrong and illegal. However under the same circumstances, if the car went through the red light with blue flashing lights and a siren you could consider that as understandable. Howard Becker (1973) said, Social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance, and by applying those rules to particular people and labelling them as outsidersthe deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied. Labelling is a social judgement and is based on social reaction, the labels that we give people can define their future, and this is a self-fulfilling prophecy. Unfortunately the people that we label can become social outsiders. Therefore, labelling can be considered as social constructed. Becker developed his theory of labelling in 1963 in a book called the outsiders, Becker studied the theory during a period of social and political power at a college campus. Becker adjusted Lemerts labelling theory and its symbolic interaction background during this liberal movement. (moodle, 2013) Beckers labelling theory had five stages, the first stage was where an individual was labelled as deviant, and the second stage is where the deviant is then rejected by their family, friends and employers. Next, because the individual has been rejected they return to the deviant behaviour, this is the start of their criminal career. Fourth the individual then looks for social acceptance, this normally will be by a deviant group, and fifth a deviant subculture develops. Beckers book Outsiders (1963) used two cases to illustrate his approach to the labelling theory. Becker studied marijuana laws in the United States, and the recreational use of the drug. Becker had chosen to analyse marijuana because the progression of use could be observed. The first time user of marijuana finds the experience as somewhat unpleasant, but as the user imitates peers he/she learns to perceive the effects of marijuana as enjoyable. Becker found that if someone breaks the rules not all of society would find the act deviant, someone needs to enforce or draw attention to the rules. Only when an individual has been successfully been labelled do certain consequences follow, and the individual may take the label as a master status. Jock Young (1971) also did a study on marijuana, but this time the study was in Notting Hill, London. Young found that most marijuana users called it a peripheral activity. Young also found that once the stigma of the label had been made, the deviant behaviour and use of marijuana increased, the users then started to lose their jobs and social network. As this happened the users became more dependent on marijuana and some used it as a source of income, Young realised that labelling leads to the increase of deviant behaviour. There are problems with labelling, as this assumes that deviants are normal people until they have been given a label. Liazos (1972) said, that the labelling theory is a study of nuts, sluts and perverts. The labelling theory does criticises the groups that come up with the labels, it also fails to look at the benefits groups get from being labelled, it also doesnt explain where primary deviance (the initial act) comes from. Stan Cohen (1964) studied the social reaction especially in the mass media towards the clashes between the mods and rockers culture. Cohen actually witnessed the clashes on Brighton beach, he realised that the media were reporting things that actually had not happened. As a result this caused moral panic, the mods and rockers were being singled out and being called folk devils, as a result society thought their behaviour was a threat to the social order. How everyone in society reacts to actions and behaviour and the judgements we make contribute to the social construction of crime, the media is an area in society that visually contributes to constructing crime and deviance, Internationalists might argue that police are another such group in society. Police statistics are the main way in which the police can socially construct crime, there are other ways in which crime can be socially constructed, and this could be by changing legislation, interpretation or moral values. (moodle, 2013) Since the early 1980s a number of sociologists have developed a perspective on crime and deviance this is usually referred to as Left Realism. The supporters of this perspective are Jock Young, John Lea, Roger Matthews and Richard Kinsey. Left realism originated in Britain, but has started to influence other criminologists in other countries. Left realists feel that longer sentences and more prisons are the answer to crime, but they also oppose the views from left idealists, people like Marxists, Neo-Marxists and radical Feminists. Politically, left realists tend to see their approach as being close to the position of the British Labour Party, Lea and Young (1984) describe themselves as socialists and support the reform of society. One of the views of a left realist is that crimes other than white-collar crimes are a serious problem; Jock Young (1993) argues there has been a significant increase in street crime. Young thought criminology had undergone an aetiological crisis (crisis of explanation), resulting from the increase in officially recorded street crime. Lea and Young (1984) pointed out that the chances of being the victim of street crime are minimal; however, some groups face a higher risk. It is not the rich who are the targets of muggers or thieves, but the poor. Left realists have carried out a considerable amount of victimization studies, examining such issues as the extent of crime and attitudes towards crime. Lea and Young began to develop an approach to explaining criminality. They saw crime as rooted in social conditions and argue that crime is closely connected to deprivation. However, they reject those views that suggest factors such as poverty and unemployment can be seen as directly responsible for crime, they did accept that the problem went beyond poverty. (historylearningsite, 2012) The values of a criminal are not too different from capitalist values: they are aggressive, greedy and selfish. In addition, it is not poverty and deprivation that are important, or in the way that it is perceived, it is how people respond to it. Left realist developed the square of crime; they thought that to tackle crime four elements needed to be dealt with the state, the offender, society and the victim. Left realists believed that the only way you could reduce crime was to reduce inequality, improve community facilities and build the relationship between the police and the community. Although the left realists have the square theory, they tend to focus more on the victims of crime. It is very difficult to use the concept of relative deprivation to explain crimes like rape and assault, and they still do not explain corporate crime. Two key features to left realism are they emphasise on the social causes of crime, and they are concerned with the effect of crime on individuals and communities. Left realists do have long-term goals; they would like changes in the social structure and promote social justice and remove the reduction of inequality. Right realists assume and take a more realistic view on the causes of crime and deviance, right realists believe that crime and deviance are a real social problem that requires practical solutions. It is said that right realists devised moral panic as a way of swaying the public to agree with their views, e.g. the media claims elderly people are scared of being attacked when they leave the safety of their home, but in reality crimes against OAPs are minimal. Right realists believe that official statistics often underreport crime. However, they believe they are able to paint a more realistic picture of crime and deviance in the UK. They also believe that crime is a growing social problem and is largely committed by lower working class males and juveniles, who are often black, and live in inner city areas. Marsland (1988) stated that crime and deviancy is linked to the breakdown in the moral fabric of society. Schools and religion have become less effective in social control and the moral glue of society has gone. Marsland believes that this has led to a decline in morality and as a result, crime has increased. Right realists do not believe that poverty causes crime, in the 1960s an affluent time in the UK the crime rate grew faster than any other time that century. Murrays (1994) theory stated that the welfare state was a factor in criminal behaviour, the problem was that it did encourage dependency and a lack of motivation that seemed to be handed down the generations. Murray said the welfare state saps moral fibre, erodes Christian ethics and threatens family values. Marsland (1992) agreed and said, The nanny state removes individual choice and desire to work. (historylearningsite, 2012) Right realists have blamed a decline in respect for authority, and the rise of fatherless families where young males are denied an appropriate role model, along with a decline in family values with the lack of discipline both inside and outside the family home. Right realists also believe that you have a choice and you do not need to become deviant, Wilson and Kelling (1982) devised the broken window theory, they believed that if just one window is broken and is not repaired that soon other windows in the property will become broken. They also believed that a tolerance in crime is the downfall of the community. A solution to this would be to have a zero tolerance on any deviant behaviour or crime, with harsher sentences and a lot closer surveillance. The right realist approach does have some flaws, it ignores white-collar crime, they place a lot of ownership on the victim, and they forget that crime can be a result of emotions, rather than calculations. Finally right realists believe in Situational Crime Prevention, a crime prevention strategy that looks at crimes and then by designing and manipulating the environment in a way that increases the risk to the offender, whilst reducing the offenders reward for committing the crime, making the offender stop and think to see if the reward outweighs the risk. (moodle, 2012) Left and right realists do share some common beliefs on crime, they accept the reality of situations and the problems in trying to promote solutions. Left realists think we are responsible for ourselves, where the right realists think everyone is responsible for each other. They also agree that the police can only do so much and that the community and individuals should work with the police to keep crime under control, Left realists and their social deprivation theory and right realists and the choice of the individual. If both sides worked together and everyone took an active part in trying to reduce crime and not just the police then it could work, the opportunities for an individual to commit a crime would drastically be reduced as a result, we would live in a safer and a more enriched society. Reference Advocate, (2013) twelve crimes that changed the LGBT world [online]. Available from: http://www.advocate.com/arts-entertainment/advocate-45/2012/05/07/12-crimes-changed-lgbt-world-0 [Accessed 16th January 2013]. Criminology, (2012) social theory [online]. Available from: http://www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/hirschi.htm [Accessed 17th January 2013]. Historylearningsite, (2012) Left Realism and Crime [online]. Available from: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/left_realism_crime.htm [Accessed 17th January 2013]. Historylearningsite, (2012) Marx and crime [online]. Available from: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm [Accessed 17th January 2013]. Historylearningsite, (2012) Right Realism on Crime [online]. Available from: http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/right_realism_crime.htm [Accessed 17th January 2013]. Socialscience, (2012) Functionalist perspective on crime and deviance [online]. Available from: http://socialscience.stow.ac.uk/criminology/criminology_notes/functionalism.htm [Accessed 16th January 2013].